General information about computer network devices & components

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A Computer network is comprised of different devices to share, transmit, and boost the signal, voice and data. Network devices or components are the physical parts connected to a network. There is a large number of the network devices and are increasing daily. The basic network devices are: Individual Computers, Server, Hub, Switch, Bridges, Routers, Modems, Printers, DSL Modems & Routers, Gateways, Network Interface Cards, Cabling & Wireless access point. The following is a overview of each of these network devices.
INDIVIDUAL COMPUTERS: The personal computer is usually a desktop computer, a work station or a laptop. The personal computers are most widely used in any organization or for personal use. The individual computers are the most common types of the microcomputers.
SERVER: A server is a computer on a network, which process request and is used to share the data and resources among the other computers in a network. A server stores all the necessary information and provides the different services like, workstation computer's logon access, internet sharing, print sharing, disk space sharing etc. There are different types of servers e.g File and print server, database server, proxy server, Fax server, backup server etc. A database server stores all the data and software, which may related to the certain database and it allows other network devices to access and process the database queries. A file server is used to store the data of any user on the network and a print server manages one or more printers in a network. Similarly a network server is a server that manages the network traffic.
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD: Network interface cards are attached with the computer or other network devices and are used to provide the connectivity between the two computers. Each network card is specifically designed for the different types of the network like Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring and Wireless Networks. The Network card operates on the first and second layers of the OSI models i.e Physical layer and datalink layer specifications. NIC basically defines the physical connection methods and the control signals that provides the timings of the data transfer over the network.
HUBS: Hub is a simplest network device. The function of the hub is broadcasting i.e data is forwarded towards the all ports of a hub, regardless of whether the data was intended for the particular systems in the network or not. Computers in a network are connected to a hub with a twisted pair (CAT5) cables. There are two types of the hubs. 1. Active Hubs. 2. Passive Hubs.
SWITCHING HUB: The Switching hub (also called "switch" is the most advance shape of the basic hub. In a basic hub all the computers are connected with the hub and the speed of the network is defined by the slowest computer network card connected. For example if you have 10/100 Mbps cards in a network and only one card of 10Mbps speed then the system cannot run faster than the 10 Mbps. Now if you have a switching hub in a network, it will allow all the faster connections in the network to remain at the higher speed and still interact with the 10Mbps system.
SWITCHES: Switch is a intelligence device than hub. Switch is a layer 2 device. Swith provides the same function as a hub or a bridge but it has the advance functionality of connecting the two computers together temporarily. Switch contains the switch matrix or switch fabric that can connect and disconnect ports. Unlike hubs, switch only transmit or forwards the data to the destined computer and it does not broadcasts the data to all its ports.
MODEMS: Modems are the devices, which are used to translate the digital data into the analog format and vice versa. It performs the two main functions. Modulation and demodulation. A modulated data can travel across the conventional telephone lines. The modem modulates the signals at the sending end and demodulates at the receiving end. Modems are required for different types of the access methods such ISDN, DSL and 56K data modem. Modem can be the internal devices that plug into the expansion slots in a system or can be external devices that plug into the serial or USB ports. In Laptops, PCMCIA cards are used for this purpose and many new laptops having the built in integrated modems. The specialized devices are designed for use in the systems such as handheld computers. In ISPs where the large scaled modems are required, rack-mounted modems are used.
ROUTERS: Routers route the data between two logically and physically different networks. A Router has the capability to determine the destination address for the data and hence provides the best way for the data to continue its journey. Router gets this capability through its software called routing software. Unlike Switches and Bridges, which use hardware configured MAC address to determine the destination of the data, router uses logical network address such as IP address to make the decision in determining the destination of the data.
GATEWAY: A gateway performs the function of translating the data from one format to another format without changing the data itself. A gateway can be a device, system, software. A computer with two NIC cards can function as a gateway. Router acts as a gateway e.g a router that routes the data from a IPX network to a IP network is technically a gateway. The same can be said of translational switch converts from a Ethernet network to a token ring network.
CABLES: There are two most common types of the cables. 1. 10baseT and 10base2. 10baseT is a four paired cable. 10baseT has further two types 1. UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and 2. STP (shielded twisted pair. STP is most secure cable covered with the silver coated twisted paper to protect the cable. On the other end Thin 10base2 looks like the copper coaxial cabling that often used to connect TV sets and VCR. 10baseT/Cat5 cables are most commonly used cables to connect the computers. It has the connector, (like a telephone connector) called RJ45 connector.
Twisted pair cables are ideal for the small, medium or large networks.

My recommendation for using cables for networking is to use 10baset/Cat5 cables

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General information about wireless networking

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Whether you want to make a phone call from your mobile, receive a message on your pager, or check your email from a PDA, we have come across a wireless data or voice network. If a user or a company wants to make data portable then Wireless networking is the answer. A wireless networking system can avoid the downtime, which may be caused in the wired network. A wireless network also saves your time and efforts in installing the lot of cables.
Also, if you need to relocate a client machine in your office, you only need to move the computer with wireless network card. Wireless networking is very useful in the public places, libraries, hotels, schools, airports, railway stations where one might find wireless access to the internet. A drawback in the wireless internet is that quality of service (QOS) is not guaranteed if there is any interference then the connection may be dropped.
Wireless Network Types
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANS)
WLANS allow users in local area, such as in a university or a library to form a network and gain wireless access to the internet. A temporary network can be formed by a small number of users without the need of access point; given that they do not need to access the resources.
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANS)
There are two current technologies for wireless personal network Bluetooth and Infra Red. These technologies will allow the connectivity of personal devices within an area of 30 feet. Infra Red requires a direct line and the range is less as compared to Bluetooth technology.
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANS)
WMANS allow the connectivity of multiple networks in a metropolitan area such as building in a city. The network connectivity is the alternative of copper or fiber cabling.
Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANS)
WWANS or Wireless Area Networks can be maintained over large areas such as in different cities or between different countries, via multiple satellite systems or antenna sites. The types of system are called 2G systems.

The following table shows the range those different types of wireless network covers.
Network Meter
Personal Area Network 0-10
Local Area Network 0-100
Wide Are Network 0-10000
Security in Wireless Networking
The following different types of security methods are available in the wireless networking.
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Wired Equivalent Privacy is intended to stop the interference of radio frequency that is signaled by unauthorized users and this security measure is most suitable for the small networks. There is not key management protocol and each key is entered manually into the clients that's why this is very time consuming administrative task. The WEP security method is based on the RC4 encryption algorithm. In the WEP all the client computers and Access points are configured with the same encryption and decryption keys.
Service Set Identifier (SSID)
Service Set Identifier (SSID) acts a simple password by allowing WLAN network to be split up into different networks and each having a unique identifier. These identifiers are configured in the multiple access points. To access any of any networks, a computer is configured in such a way that each is having a corresponding SSID identifier for that network. If the SSID match between the two computers or networks then access is granted to each other.
Media Access Control filtering (MAC Access Control)
A list of the MAC addresses of the client computers can be inputted into an Access point and only those computers are granted to give the access to the network. When a computer makes a request, its MAC address is compared to the list of the MAC addresses to the Access point and based on this access permission granted to deny.

This is a good security method but it is mainly involved in the small wireless networks because there is more manual work is involved of entering the MAC address into the Access point.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a simple type of the wireless networking that operates in the digital devices, like mobiles phones, personal computers, PDA, Laptops, digital camera, MP3 players and other Bluetooth enabled devices to form a small network. In the Bluetooth technology eight devices can be connected to each other at the same time. Bluetooth can also be found in the headsets, hands-free kits, wireless keyboards and mouse. Bluetooth technology was invented by Ericsson in 1994 and after four years in 1998 some major mobile phone companies such as Nokia, Ericsson, Intel and Toshiba formed a group to promote this technology.
Bluetooth technology falls in the category of personal area networking because it operates in the range of 30 to 300 feet. Bluetooth uses the radio waves technology, which is not very expensive and has low power consumption. Many different companies are intended to add the Bluetooth chip in their digital devices. Bluetooth technology is getting very popularity because of its low cost and portability.
The Future of Wireless Networking
WLANS wireless networking type is very popular in home networking and more than 20 percent homes with broadband internet are using WLANS and this number is increasing. In a general estimate worldwide hotspots have now reached more than 30,000 and will grow about 210,000 in the next few years. Most large hotels already offer Wi-Fi and the business travelers are willing to pay wireless access. 802.11 is the next Wi-Fi speed standard is set to offer bandwidth around 108Mbps and is still under development. With the speed of 70 Mbps and a range up to 30 miles, the 80216 standard, known as WiMAX is sure to get boost.
Some Tips & Tricks
o When purchasing a wireless NIC card try to get one that is having external antenna. When you are out and using Wi-Fi enabled laptop, disable Microsoft file and sharing, which enables other computers in a network to access data and resources on your computer. In this way, your computer or laptop will be saved from hackers.
o If you are concerned about the interference from the other wireless access point set the AP and wireless computers to use a non-overlapping channel.
o Change the configuration interface password of the access point before you enable it.
o Only buy an access point that is having upgradeable capabilities. By this way you can take the advantage of security enhancements.
o Keep the access point up to date.

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Network Marketers - Overview of Marketing Models and Strategies of Network Marketing MLM Companies

By reading this article, you will learn that most all Network Marketing - Multi-Level Marketing companies aloof promote the same archaic marketing platform.



This platform description has been "coined" Chasing Prospects. It apparently has worked very well for many of the owners and top players of these companies, however the "down-lines" for the most section have very limited if any success...most spending more than they develop.



We contain any business, let alone and industry that uses a marketing belief that has a failure rate of approximately 97%+ of all that they recruit and imprint up as Associates or Distributors is seriously flawed. The attrition rate for sales people is usually remarkable higher than the rest of the workforce...but at 97%+...you have to be kidding!



It's like the feeble memoir "fair throw mud on the wall and what sticks, withhold, and what falls off sweep up"...at 97%+ there is a whole lot of sweeping going on! In addition, to compose matters worse very ample percentages of those that fail are disillusioned and disparage the Industry.



Here, in our belief is the crux of the problem:



Agents/Associates are told:



* You can do a lot of money immediately with the promise of residual income
* No special skills required and puny financial investment needed.
* impartial network with family, friends, anyone within come or shouting distance.
* assist meetings regularly, Local, Regional, and National.
* The "Pot of Gold" is fair around the corner



The typical result of diligently following the company-training program, they soon realize these same family and friends all hasten and veil when they view them coming. We all know a family member or friend who has become a distributor or associate of one of these cannot miss opportunities.



You know who they are and after several of their "pitches", you go incommunicado when they try to contact you. However, in spite of all this we have this industry has received a dreadful rap for the wicked reasons, not because of the motivation of the people entering this field, or the products, pricing or service but we simply gain because of its flawed marketing model.



The current approach



The marketing changes driving the industry today are not initiated by the Network Marketing - Multi-Level Marketing companies themselves, but as the result of recently developed unique technology Web 2.0 and the birth of Social Media sites and veterans of the weak failed marketing platforms that had a novel vision for marketing.



This current vision has led to a immense paradigm shift from the passe marketing platform...that is chasing prospects, to attracting them. As a result, there have been many fresh entrepreneurial start-up marketing businesses, to educate and promote attracting customers.



The marketing strategy tedious the current near is not really unusual at all, it's the same one extinct in the bricks and mortar commerce forever.



In the marketing model faded in the "bricks and mortar" marketplace, retailers exercise a major piece of their budget on advertising and sales promotion...their purpose is to fabricate "traffic" or attract potential customers to their offer. This is a highly successful model because it attracts customers.



Now here is the noble news...this same "bricks and mortar" model has been adapted for the Internet, utilizing Web 2.0 technology...and is now available to the many ancient network marketers who have been through the multitude of failed "opportunities", only this time with a very successful conclusion



This modern platform is "Attraction Marketing"



In essence we have this is a sizable paradigm shift from the traditional marketing platform that unprejudiced does not work...97%+ failure that is chasing prospects, to a unusual marketing platform that does work and you can perform a right business with by...attracting prospects "Attraction Marketing"



You can originate a current business and now approach an entire market throughout the world with very miniature money. You do not need highly evolved skills that require a degree or knowledge in things like programming, web development, ect...you can learn most of the skills as you go along...You can inaugurate unimaginative and luxuriate in a extreme risk business-building environment, and work your method into a successful dwelling.



In summary, we hope you gleaned from this article a paradigm shift in this marketing station taking position honest now in the Network Marketing - Multi-Level Marketing industries by Network Marketers and largely being ignored by the Network Marketing - Multi-Level Marketing companies who detached promote the same conventional marketing platform.



We feel whether you are a obsolete network marketer aloof trying to obtain the perfect opportunity, or a newbie to this industry the most significant next step, or first step, you have to rep the reliable training to make the famous skill sets to learn how to consume the Web 2.0 technology to network through the social media/network sites that will enable you attract prospects and originate a business.



mediate of your businesses' marketing notion as two components...a cart and a horse. The horse being your Internet marketing training and the product or opportunity as your cart. My advice is to never build the cart before the horse...with a qualified horse you will be able to pull any cart. Training for developing these skills is very easy to to fetch and extremely "user righteous" click-by-click and in no time your a thoroughbred horse apt of pulling any cart!

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